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Objectives To assess the gaps and trends in child immunization coverage among urban and rural areas in India, and compare the success of immunisation program in each. Methods PubMed, Scopus, and Crossref, and Google Scholar electronic databases were searched on October 9, 2019, and March 21, 2020, for studies that measured and reported immunization coverage indicators in India. Random-efects metaanalyses and meta-regressions were conducted. Results The authors' search identifed 545 studies, and 2 were obtained by expert suggestion. Among these 68 studies and 6 surveys were included. They found that full immunization coverage has grown yearly at 2.65% and 0.82% in rural and urban areas, respectively whereas partial immunization coverage declined by ?2.44% and ?0.69%, respectively. Percentage of nonimmunized children did not show a statistically signifcant trend in either. Conclusion While rural immunization coverage has seen a large increase over the past two decades, the progress in urban areas is weak and negligible. This was largely attributable to a focus on minimizing dropouts in rural areas. However, a lack of signifcant reduction in unimmunized children may indicate left-out children or pockets in both rural and urban areas. The poor performance of immunization programs in urban areas, coupled with a larger impact of COVID-19, warrants that India urgently adopts urban-sensitive and urban-focused policies and programs.
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Purpose: To analyze the morphological changes in the iris-knot complex configuration using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) following the single pass four throw (SFT) pupilloplasty. Methods: In this retrospective case series, eyes with SFT pupilloplasty were examined by SD-OCT (Optovue). Iris morphology compared to the normal iris, presence of specific patterns (single hump, double humps, peaks and valleys, tethering), prolene suture, knot complex (length and orientation), and intraocular lens (IOL) vault were evaluated. Results: Overall, 41 knots of 26 patients with a mean time duration of 3.1 � 2 months from surgery were analyzed. Iris configurations seen were single hump (n = 28, 63.8%), double humps (n = 7, 17%), loop (n = 2, 4.8%), flat (n = 3, 7.3%), and mulberry (n = 1, 2.4%). The mean length and the height of the knot complex was 784.1 � 433.7 ?m and 317.7 � 110.4 ?m, respectively. Knot positions were at 3 clock hours in 9 eyes (21.9%), 9 in 8 eyes (19.5%), and others in 24 eyes (58.5%). Cut end of the prolene suture was detectable in 26 eyes (63.4%) as hyper-reflective line, and the mean cut length was 465.8 � 321.1 ?m. The suture was predominantly vertically oriented (80.6%) to the iris with a mean distance of 3.6 � 0.3 mm (2.6�mm) away from corneal endothelium. The mean distance from the knot complex and the IOL was 289.2 � 146 ?m and the mean anterior chamber depth was 4.1 � 0.1 mm. Conclusion: A significant change in iris configuration was noted after SFT pupilloplasty, and vertically oriented retained prolene suture was predominant with good endothelial vault.
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Linum Usitatissimum seeds were collected and qualitatively analyzed for the identification of phytochemical constituents. The results showed the presence of bioactive constituents of carbohydrates, proteins and amino acids. The proximate analysis of the leaves revealed a composition of 3.21% total ash value, 7.61% alcohol soluble extractive value, 4.21% water soluble extractive value and 2.67% acid insoluble ash value. Laxative activity of three different formulations was studied. More research work is recommended on the plant leaves for isolation and characterization of bioactive compounds that may be active against laxative activity.
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Microbiological studies in a modified extensive shrimp culture system at Nambuthalai, southeast coast of India were carried out for a period of 120 days. Population dynamics and distribution profile of luminous bacteria and total heterotrophic bacteria in the water, sediment and animal samples were monitored. Luminous bacteria associated with exoskeleton, gills and gut were isolated and quantified. The total heterotrophic bacterial counts ranged from 1.3 x 104 to 25.3 x 104 CFU ml-1 in water and 1.5 x 106 to 26.2 x 106 CFU g-1 in sediment. The V. harveyi population density varied between 0.6 x 104 and 8.8 x 104 LCFU ml-1 in water and from 1.2 x 106 to10.4 x 106 LCFU g-1 sediment respectively. The gut of the animal was found to harbor high density of V. harveyi than gills and exoskeleton. The total heterotrophic bacteria and V. harveyi population density showed increasing trend during the culture period. The high V. harveyi density observed in this study at the end of the culture period correlated with the outbreak of white spot disease.
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The survey of fish fauna in Kaveri River at polluted and unpolluted sites revealed a direct effect on the distribution of fishes in that 14 species were observed in unpolluted site and only 6 species in polluted site. Further, the haemotological parameters like RBC, WBC and haemoglobin content increased in fishes collected from polluted site whereas the organic constituents of muscle decreased in the above fishes when compared to the fishes of unpolluted site. The reason for the above changes is discussed.